The Hypothesis of Evolution And Creation Science                               The subject of evolution has been a hotly contested subject matter in recent years, particularly in the public schools. The theory of evolution is actually a bit misleading, because not all theories are considered "unproven" rather not proven enough to become scientific law. However, there are those who would argue evolution is scientific law, but generally scientific laws are centered around the simple and absolute, such as gravity.   Evolution tries to explain an array of complex events and often times these theories are explained by placing one theory on top of another theory. This generally known as "Neo-Darwinism" which is merely a massive metaphysical research program like the original Darwinian proposal. This constitutes an hypothesis, not a theory. More on this particular subject matter in a moment...   Darwin once said, "A fair result can be obtained only by fully balancing the facts and arguments on both sides of each question." Opposed by many special interest groups who promote evolution and want it to be taught in a very dogmatic way like Christianity is.   Creation science, instead of just using "gaps" most of the time, which is one way of finding the truth confirming God's Word, one looks for "pattern recognition" which I believe is a better way to identify God's handy work in His creation. For example,  the watchmaker analogy which was proposed back in the 17th century as a means of explaining the creation of the universe by God. Just recently it became more than just a mere analogy, it was actually discovered literally in bacteria “The high-resolution structures of these proteins suggest a ratcheting mechanism by which the KaiABC oscillator ticks unidirectionally.”  Detecting a precise and finely tuned universe which doesn't allow trial and error to occur is also a means of pattern recognition. One needs a created friendly environment in order to accomplish highly complex life forms, we will take a look at from a scientific point of view, later on but for now let's take a look at what evolution is really all about.                                                  Evolution’s Development   Charles Darwin was a great admirer of William Paley (1743–1805) who wrote a book called; Natural Theology. Known as the "Watchmaker's Argument" which has been recently discovered in bacteria, Darwin said, "I do not think that I hardly ever admired a book more than Paley’s Natural Theology. I could almost formerly have said it by heart." Great admiration did not turn Darwin into a design proponent or a Creationist but rather a hypothesis designed to remove God from as the creator and replace it with naturalism.   Charles Darwin graduated from Cambridge University with a degree in theology. One day Captain Fitzoy, who commanded a sea vessel named, "Beagle", wrote a letter to Charles Darwin, asking him if he would like a position as a naturalist, during a five year around the world voyage. After reviewing the letter, Charles Darwin accepted the offer. While on the voyage, he made notes of his observations as a naturalist, especially the varieties within species. He particularly noted there was 13 varieties of finches, which is a small tropical bird. After the five year long voyage around the world, Charles Darwin began to formulate his own opinion that pertained to the origin of life from what he observed out in the field and written down in his notes. He claimed animals like finches was a result of a spontaneous accident. In one of his notes he stated; there is a struggle to survive among animals, and some varieties of animals struggled more than others because those other varieties of animals were better suited for their environment. Charles Darwin thought of intelligent design as like manufacturing parts or products. When assembled the same way, with the same part generally everything comes out the same, thus intelligent design. So seeing all the variety out in the field made him believe it wasn't manufactured the same way every time but accidental.   Darwin Hypothesis Wasn't Original Darwin’s hypothesis was embraced by the world, however and this is generally a misconception by many, Darwin is not the founder of evolution.  Spontaneous generation for example has been around since the fourth century B.C.   Dr. Jan Batista von Helmont (1579-1644) claimed that life (mice in particular) came from dirty underwear. The procedure was outlined by him as taking a piece of dirty underwear with some wheat in an open mouth jar, and after 21 days the odor changes as a chemical reaction with the wheat begins to happen which resulted in the creation of mice. Of course later on this hypothesis was disproved.   Also, for many years it was believed that maggots were created with spoiled food until it was also disproved many years later. But when Darwin came along and organized his proposal in the way he did, most of the scientific community was in agreement within 50 years after it was proposed. A remarkable feat considering Darwin had no degree in science, and wasn’t put under the microscope like other science proposals normally are. The cause for this acceptance was simple. Under the belief the earth and universe was created by God, there was accountability. Under the belief of natural processes which claimed to have happen by accident, there was no accountability to God for man’s sin. Man is then elevated above God in the world of naturalism. Let's turn our attention to the foundation of evolution, and it's more recent proposals.    The Evolutionist Hypothesis Integration of Past Components to Darwinism Then Neo-Darwinism   Science means "knowledge" a search for truth but in recent times this meaning has been somewhat skewed by trying to fit the data into a particular framework. We see this in the evolutionary hypothesis where there is just one basic "interpretation principle" which overrides all other principles of interpretation on data. Dr. Scott Todd, of Kansas University speaks about this very thing in nature magazine, he states and I quote..."Even if all the data point to an intelligent designer, such an hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic."    In the study of living organisms called; biology, evolution has four major proposals which are heavily studied today...These four proposals include; Spontaneous generation, Random mutation, Natural Selection, and Time. All these basic parts of model are explained below. Let's take a look at them...   1. Spontaneous generation. What this mean is, life came about through basic dead material (rock) which later on created a chemical environment where water had formed. Rock, water, and unfiltered sunlight are claimed to be the main ingredients for spontaneous life. According to this proposal, over a vast period of time, these elements  became a perfect combination for other created objects and information such as carbon molecules including code, nucleus, wall, cell, and energy-generating apparatus The minimum requirement for a living cell were somehow present, each by accident, randomly came together on its own. Evolutionists claim the very first cell reproduced itself, thus, life was off and running. There is no current explanation on how dead chemicals were able to organize all by themselves into a living cell as stated below...   Paul Davies an Evolutionist/Atheist professor at the Australian Center for Astrobiology says in regards to spontaneous generation... ‘Nobody knows how a mixture of lifeless chemicals spontaneously organized themselves into the first living cell.’ Niels Bohr also states: "The existence of life must be considered as an elementary fact that cannot be explained, but must be taken as a starting point in biology."   2. Random mutation.  This means, generational changes that give rise to an increase in genetic information, leading to the development of capabilities, limbs and organs that were not present in previous generations.  It is claimed that minor changes (errors in the code) occurred in the DNA were happening by chance and as a result of these copied errors, it somehow was able to produce brand new information, changing the genes in a positive way like a computer system upgrading to newer software which operates better. Also radiation and other chemicals are also thought to have vital role played a role in this naturalistic process.   3. Natural Selection.  Based on observations by Darwin which he observed some animals survived better than others in a environment. Darwin also noticed the stronger species survived and the weaker ones died off. He eventually concluded that his findings reflected of what is now called; "natural selection".  It entails any random mutations creating a "weaker" creature that would die off, or creating a "stronger" creature by adding certain features, which increased it’s chances for survival.   4. Time. Random mutations according to the model, takes up an enormous amount of time and most are damaging. But some mutations are necessary to give rise to a new creature. In order for the process to work, it needs time to prefect it’s creation. Important fact to note, evolution doesn’t claim the changes within a particular species of animals or plants. Rather a species transforming itself into another species with it’s own unique genetic code. This is generally called, "macro evolution".   Phylogenetic Tree Of Life   The "evolutionary tree" where a progression of lower and simpler life forms that supposedly evolved into more complex or higher life forms.  It remains an important part of the hypothesis of evolution as it's been studied over the past 150 years by many biologists which still use the diagram today. In fact, in a recent study about this very diagram, using hundreds of animal genomes, evolutionary scientists wanted to see how visible the "phylogentic tree" is.   The outcome was quite of a disappointed for them with their findings. As it turns out, the evolutionary signal is very weak to say the least.  Only a tiny fraction of genomes show even minimal support for a phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree. At the lower levels, only a mere 12 percent hit the bar while a strong 88 percent did not. At higher levels or orders the scores were even lower. The maximum score was 10 in primates, and 0.0 in 75 other orders. There is only one way the data is going to match up with the "evolutionary tree" and that is to have substantial increases in sequence data to bring that score up to a level comparable to that of the best-supported higher taxa. Evolutionary scientists have continued their quest in other areas to find evidence for the "evolutionary tree" but to no avail...   "Phylogenetic reconstruction using the complete genome sequence not only failed to recover the correct evolutionary history because of these convergent changes, but the true history was rejected as being a significantly inferior fit to the data."     Neandertal Man and His DNA   Speaking of Darwin's Tree, Neandertal Man has often been claimed as a link between man and ape. Mitochondrial DNA interpretation for evolution says that Neandertal man was a side branch rather than a direct link to humans. But the mutational "hotspots" also differ in modern man. In addition, these mutational sites also differ within each Neandertal. This indicates a much closer relationship than implied by evolutionists. Basically Neandertals were fully human who had slightly different morphological features, and also hunted with weapons, used musical instruments and buried their dead with rituals which is highly unique human characteristic.     -Exceptional convergent evolution in a virus.    Some proponents of evolution like the publication "New Scientist" are beginning to come to their senses (but not quite there) by suggesting life is too complex than what Darwin thought rather than just outright abandoning the idea. Much criticism proceeded by militant atheists because of the title on the cover; "Darwin Was Wrong" so militants like Daniel Dennett wrote a letter to the editor about a month later in response with some double talk and fear of public perception, he states;... "Nothing in the article showed that the concept of the tree of life is unsound; only that it is more complicated than was realized before the advent of molecular genetics."  In any case, the Phylogentic creation continues to be falsified with genome evidence in all known animals concerning the one common ancestor belief and the "spider's web remains a vain proposal.      Universe Expansion Under Crisis   Switching gears here and going into the area of "evolutionary astronomy" which is part of the overall scheme of things when it comes to the hypothesis of evolution.  During the 1990s scientists discovered an unexpected brightness reading for supernovas. The media labeled it as a "mysterious energy" which was undetectable. Later it became known as "dark energy" where the crisis began to take unprecedented root. In physics.org makes note of the problem...   “Modern cosmologists rely more and more on the ominous “dark matter” to explain otherwise inexplicable observations, much effort has gone into the detection of this mysterious substance in the last two decades, yet no direct proof could be found that it actually exists.” “Even if it does exist, dark matter would be unable to reconcile all the current discrepancies between actual measurements and predictions based on theoretical models. Hence the number of physicists questioning the existence of dark matter has been increasing for some time now.”     Weaknesses In Evolution   1) There is not one viable hypothesis that can be tested for proposed mechanisms.   2) Lack of specifics. For example, variation. Variation to what exactly? Lack of specifics holds no practical purpose especially if it's considered a theory.   3) It also lacks an explanation and experimentation for evidence on origins which has a direct impact on evolutionary natural processes.   In Conclusion   For every “gap” filled, science creates new gaps all over again. The process is “inexhaustible.” --Berlinsky author of book called; The Devil's Delusion.   “Evolution is a lot of fun,” said Bejerano, who plans to continue the investigation into what the ultraconserved segments might be doing.  “You answer one question, and five others pop up.” --Science Daily   Evolution is far from a simple, the hypothesis moves into the more complex direction but not in a creationist or intelligent design way. Many aspects of the evolutionist model relies on unproven speculation and assumptions which is something different than asserting it's actuality, reality, and facts.  The practice of "deductive reasoning" is not properly executed in this field especially in areas such as astrophysics. Keep in mind, scientists are not infallible and one shouldn't  think that what they promote is factual or always remains factual.   Modifying models in evolution is a very common practice and trend. This point and many others, should be included in the texts when it comes to public education. Dr. George Wald who had been blunt at times with his quotes indicates as such. He was a professor of biology at Harvard and also he was a Nobel Prize winner in biology in 1971. He states in Scientific American on the weakness on "Origins of Life" (August 1954; p46 and p48) and having faith in a time period to remedy the problem of spontaneous generation as a plausible explanation. His intention is to try avoid intelligent design as a considerable option. He states as follows;    One has only to contemplate the magnitude of this task to concede that the spontaneous generation of a living organism is impossible. Yet here we are as a result, I believe, of spontaneous generation.   Time is in fact the hero of the plot. The time with which we have to deal is of the order of two billion years. What we regard as impossible on the basis of human experience is meaningless here. Given so much time, the "impossible" becomes possible, the possible probable, and the probable virtually certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs the miracles.     Creationism: Science in Agreement with God's Word   Introduction Creationism is the belief which says all things were created by intelligent design namely; God and does in fact use the Bible. It's scientific observances of a Creator responsible for the creating of life and non-life are found in a wide range of fields. Unlike in the field of intelligent design which mainly deals with only two principles for it's conclusions.  We will get more into the differences of intelligent design and Creationism later on as that needs to be addressed.  Now back to our topic, science has been found to confirm what the Bible has stated, which makes God's Word true let's take a look at the various fields of observation...       The Laws and Factual Data of Creationism   Science of deliberate creation contains the laws of nature which is mentioned in the Bible in such places as Jer. 33:25.  The Creator namely God (not gods) is the one who created these laws which of course means these laws of nature within the model did not come about from chaos by random chance. Neither is nature liberated from these laws, rather nature is very much in subjection to them and are unable to break these laws.   The Law of Biogenesis   This law states life comes from life; organisms reproduce other organisms after it's own kind. A French chemist and microbiologist named; Louis Louis Pasteur who lived in the early to late 1800s was known for his discoveries in the both causes and prevention of diseases. His germ theory disproved one of the forms of spontaneous generation in a observational science experiment setting. This experiment also confirmed the law of Biogenesis. No experiment over the past 50 years have ever shown dead matter to rise as living material on it's own. We also do not observe in the natural world.   The First Law of Thermodynamics   Defines energy as a mass which cannot be created out of nothing like what is claimed about the big bang theory, and also energy can be changed from one form to another but the total amount of the mass remains the same.   The Second Law of Thermodynamics   Generally all systems will lean toward the most probable state possible, and then over time become totally random and disorganized. Albert Einstein stated this law particular law would be impossible to eliminate. We observe this in the natural world today!   Newton's first law of motion - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia   Definition *The property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force.   Firstly, in contrast to evolution's hypothesis something (matter) created out of nothing by random chance which is nothing as well, defies the laws of physics. Secondly, the property of matter and mass which evolutionists claim was compressed all together in a stable organized manner, then all of a sudden for no reason exploded into what is now known as; the big bang. This also defies Newton's first law of motion.*   Energy Can Neither Be Created Nor Destroyed E=mc2   When you have a hot bowl of soup in a room, and you let it sit for awhile, it starts getting cold. So instead of loosing energy, why doesn't the energy from the room go into the bowl of soup and heat it up which results in the room getting colder? The answer is simple, higher energy always spreads out till it gets even with it's surroundings. When it gets to the same level, it's stops.  For example, the energy in the bowl doesn't get any worse nor does it get any better once it's at room temperature. This is the second law of THERMODYNAMICS.  Evolutionists claim the big bang had no hot or cold spots as it's surroundings was all the same temperature through space which is cold. But what we were able to discover in outer space, we see galaxies with millions of stars, very hot, while it's surrounded by millions of miles of space, very cold. It's like saying the bowl is pulling in all the energy in the room to make it self hot while the room gets colder. It basically defies the law of physics in other words.       Hubble Reveals Creationism   The Hubble telescope has become a great tool for revealing the Creationism. This unique tool  allows us to see vast parts of space which were previously unknown to man. One discovery which stands out, was an experiment conducted in 1995, where the Hubble was programmed to view an empty part of the sky with keeping the shutter open for about 11 days. Many scientists are curious to see the vast parts of the Universe so do many people around the world.   As the distant images by Hubble were blown up, there were many mature galaxies which are not suppose to be there according to the evolution model. However, it doesn't conflict the creationist model and this discovery clearly indicates intelligent design namely God who created various objects in a relatively short period of time.  Since the photo was taken there remains no viable explanation offered by evolutionists on why those older galaxies are positioned so far into space. For the actual view of the Hubble's discovery with the picture of mature galaxies are contained below, with a simulation of a flyby.           Spacecraft exploration has also helped observed the Concept of Creationism      Spacecraft exploration happens to been key factor in providing very important data especially in the creation science realm. For example, the spacecraft "Cassini" has made some remarkable discoveries, one of which was Saturn's moons Enceladus. It was found to have internal heating on the inside which produces about 5.8 gigawatts of heat.  This indicates a young moon (thousands of years old) in our solar system rather than a very old one which is billions of years old. The new discovery directly fits right into the creationist model...However, according to the Evolutionist's hypothesis this moon should have frozen out a long time ago, thus making Enceladus inactive due to it's distance from the sun and the coldness of space. With this new observational data in hand, evolutionists have concluded; "Enceladus' surface is believed to be geologically "young," possibly less than 100 million years old."    Another recent discovery of of the spacecraft Cassini was the exploration of one of Saturn's rings. The F ring of Saturn was found to be experiencing collisions, about 30 meters per second. These collisions created some features in the ring such as spurs, grooves, gouges and fan-like structures that vary rapidly. These collisions happen on a daily basis, sometimes even on an hourly basis. What is very interesting about this discovery is the fact that it reveals Saturn's ring is young, not millions of years old as evolutionists now claim...As an evolutionary science admits; “It is difficult to understand how the observed 1 km-wide ring component seen in some of the highest resolution images can survive in such a chaotic environment”.  In all practicality, something like that wouldn't be able to survive if it were millions of years old and the ring certainly would not be in such good condition as it's currently in, especially with the external bombardment and sunlight pressure, that would erode the ring over time.   And lastly, Cassini discovered liquid ethane on one of Saturn's moons "Titan" as it was speculated by scientists. Not just small amounts of ethane, but "oceans" of it all over globally. But after Cassini observed Titan by flying by it 40 times there were no such "oceans" of ethane. The substance was also to be found very smooth, "smoother than any geological process could make" as the secular report points out. Ethane a by product of oil, doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere like say water would, so if Titan was old as evolutionists claimed, there would be much more ethane on the moon. This is just one of many pieces of data that continues to indicate a young solar system which is agreement with the Creationist model.           Very Distant Galaxies Show Creation Timing and Age   The popular dynamo hypothesis was disproved when very distant galaxies (evolutionists call them early galaxies) were observed in June 2008, as showing strong magnetic fields just like the ones which are closer to Earth. In the dynamo hypothesis it was speculated that the younger the galaxies are, the weaker the magnetic fields. As billions of years pass, the evolution process makes the magnetic fields  stronger. As it turns out, this is not the case, rather this piece of observational data indicates both close and far away galaxies were created not only the same time but the galaxies are not as old as evolutionists speculate it to be.       The Progress of Knowledge in DNA Today   Since Darwin’s time the hypothesis of evolution promoted the idea that life went from simple to complex.  From viewing the cell as nothing more than a protoplasm, we see the scientific community has discovered some staggering and very astounding detail about a living cell, which is the most basic form of life. DNA (which is short for; deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that carries all the instructions for the function of cell. There are four different subunits within DNA, called nucleotides. The particular sequence of these subunits in the DNA chain is what distinguishes one from another. The details of DNA has three main levels. The lowest level of DNA is called base pairs. Several hundred to several thousand base pairs exist within the lowest level, and then they are organized into genes. Hundreds of thousands of genes are present in every cell of higher animals. Large groups of genes are organized into chromosomes. These chromosomes line up in their little areas which are organized into particular patterns. The movement of the chromosomes using their arms are similar to that of square dancers.

DNA has an enormous amount of compact  information that determines what a cell will build in terms of structures. For example, one gram of DNA can hold up to a trillion CDs of data.  Also DNA has specified functions which determines what chemicals or hormones it will produce and where the cell will locate within the body. Proteins which is critical for life are just amazing if not down right incredible work of God. These linear proteins which are being currently studied are cranked out by what is called;  ribosome factories which are located within the cell. The proteins are created in a particular shape so they can have the ability to assume their function. What is the significance of this? Well, the linear proteins needs to be coded, transcribed, translated and  folded in a particular complex way in order for it to work, which is critical for life. Any misfolded proteins results in damage to the cells and causes a number of diseases such as cancer.  There is no question about it, the machinery is just as vital for life as the protein itself. This fits exactly into the creationist model which confirms the Bible.

Side and top views of the protein-folding chaperonin molecule.

DNA Replication: It's Origin and Pattern

Steven Gould a proponent of naturalism writes a metaphor "replaying life's tape" relating to the evolutionary process of DNA replication. He states in his book; "Wonderful Life"...

Back in 1999, researchers from the National Institutes of Health found something very interesting...Using DNA replication machinery from two known bacteria namely archaea/eukaryotes which did not share a common naturalistic origin. The research concluded the two systems were identical. The discovery surprised the researchers (and many other evolutionists too) because the systems of two different bacteria with a diverged origin should also have two different replicating systems not the same. Indeed, they would be right if the hypothesis were correct. Keep in mind, this is not a gap, rather it's an scientific observation of data which doesn't match with the proposals of evolution...This however does match with the proposal of Creation Science which shows the same designer namely God, His handy work in the creation of life.

Similarities of Human DNA and Animal DNA

While DNA is the main source of information needed to make the chemicals and structures of life, there is reason to expect creatures who have similarities, to also have similarities in DNA also. It's no secret Apes and Humans have similar DNA. Evolutions claim these similarities indicate that different species were created by natural processes, from one to another. However, there are similarities between creatures in DNA, that evolutionists claimed to have evolved separately.  For example, Hemoglobin, which is a molecule that carries oxygen to the blood is found in all vertebrates, including humans. But hemoglobin is also found in earthworms, fish, starfish, and even some microorganisms. Crocodile hemoglobin is more similar to chicken hemoglobin than snakes, or other reptiles. Human lysozyme, an enzyme for digesting food, is more similar to chicken lysozyme than any other mammal. An identical protein is found on the cell wall of both camels and nurse sharks, but Evolutions claim these animals are completely unrelated.

DNA also has "safeguards" that prevent genetic errors from ever occurring. Information from DNA cannot be copied without many different enzymes checking one another for errors. Such as making sure that the right amino acid is linked to the right tRNA. Just one sieve rejects amino acids that are too large while others reject amino acids that are too small.

What About Observations of mtDNA?

Creationists have made many assertions over the years that Darwinism cannot be observed in real time, in a lab type setting. However, that has somewhat changed. The smoking gun for some who claim observations of mtDNA is proof that evolutionism can be seen in a lab type setting. For those who are not familiar with this particular type of DNA, let me explain very briefly.  mtDNA is shorthand for "Mitochondrial" which is DNA we only inherit from our mothers. Evolutionists have come up with an hypothesis on this DNA, and labeled as; 'mitochondrial Eve' in reference of course to Adam and Eve of the Bible.  

Using the evolution hypothesis a time clock was drawn up based on assumptions the 'mitochondrial Eve' was calculated as being very old.  But actual observations of this hypothesis surprised many evolutionists researchers. The mutation rate found in mtDNA was much higher than previously speculated. In Science Review, it reveals the new found evidence (the time clock based on the real world) that 'mitochondrial Eve' would have been around 6,000 years old. Studies showed one mutation in 600 generations. It was even more shocking for evolutionists to find ten pairs which make the mutation rate at 40 generations. It was a striking blow to the hypothesis, but it's not totally dead. Modern evolution evolves in it's own explanations. Since mtDNA is a relatively new argument they claim on the basis of more assumptions there are "hot spots" in the mtDNA which make mutations appear at higher rates than they actually are. It makes their lab experiment weak without being able to make clear observations. The secular study is very encouraging to Christians as it showed what creationists believe (based on the Bible and science) to be the true age of the real Eve.

Single Cell Complexity and Machinery

Evidence of God's Craftsmanship

As we seen so far in the advancements of science, the specified complexity of a single cell is one of the most mind boggling elements being researched in the world today. Natural laws cannot explain the irreducibly complex human machinery like a high end plastic molding machine, nor can it explain the engine contained in your car. The motors in the living cell do in fact bare a striking resemblance to human machinery. It's able to operate at 100,000 rpm. Some of the components include; a water cooled system, universal joint, propeller, bushing, drive shaft, the ability to assemble, and conduct repairs, it also has forward and backward gears, and the latest discovery includes a clutch. Bio-machines are remarkably more advanced in construction and operation compared to their human counterparts, thus indicating God's signature or craftsmanship in the creation.

Another example of complexity which has delighted creationists all over the world, is the latest discovery of a single cell microbe called; Monosiga brevicollis. It has a complexity level vastly greater than animals which have billions of more cells than this single cell animal. The complexity level consists of a highly advance network for signaling using "128 tyrosine kinase genes, 38 more than found in humans..."  A very interesting discovery which fits well into the creationist model as man was created by God in His own image at their adult age originally which makes it a higher level of specified complexity, however this discovery presents a major challenge for the hypothesis of evolution because the Monosiga brevicollis is suppose to be a very primitive single cell animal on the evolutionary tree. No doubt there will be more discoveries in this field which will emerge as evidence of God's signature in His creation.

The Basic Requirements for Life

So with all these highly advanced parts of a cell, what would be the bare minimum amount of genetic code required for life? Scientists are still debating and researching this very subject. The most recent estimate came from Eugene Koonin, and others. They made the calculation of 256 genes. But even then they expressed doubt that it would work in reality. This is because the cell would have no means to repair DNA damage or digest complex compounds and would have to live in a near perfect environment.  Evidence of God's craftsmanship in a single cell puts it's origin at great odds with evolution as it has ignited many debates over the internet and abroad over it's conclusions about the scientific data.

Spontaneous generation is a hypothesis which claims to have arisen from random chance from chemicals that happened to be present in a simplistic manner and in an non-thinking process that somehow could built itself a rotary motor with highly specialized functions enabling life to exist. Many have tried to calculate the odds even before such recent discoveries have been made about the cell when it comes to spontaneous generation.  British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle estimated the probability of spontaneous generation which turned out so great, 1 to 10 to the 40,000 power. According to Sir Fred Holye, the odds were too great, for it to be possible through chance. A well known atheist Dr. Carl Sagan, estimated the mathematical probability as well, which was how long it would take for dead material to become a living cell. His estimates were 1 chance in 10 to the two billionth power( 1 followed by two billion zeros).

 
What does all this mean in terms of the law of probability? Dr. Emile Borel who discovered the law of probability said, "The occurrence of any event where the chances are beyond on in ten followed by 50 zeros is an event which we can state with certainty will never happen..." So no matter how much time is allotted, once the odds hit one in ten followed by 50 zeros, the event will not occur. As man continues to discover the complexity of the single living cell and how it functions, the impossible odds continue to raise to new impossible levels.  Indeed science has it's limitations, evolution is very much "faith based" which is something they often criticize creationists for doing.

What's the Difference Between Intelligent Design and Creationism?